Analyzing Gold: Fire Assay vs. The equipment is used for the thousands gold,. We enable. Also compare specifications and support so you can buy with confidence. Then wash with warm DM water and allow to dry on a hot plate for 8 min, low heat, and again anneal in a annealing furnace, 700 degree, for 5 minute. The systems can be ordered as a turnkey solution, or as individual units. Modular Furnace The MAS-3 assay modular furnace (formerly known as “William & Wilson”) is well known in the mining industry across North America, as well as in other locations worldwide. Inquiry Cart 0 Home Products Suppliers About Us Contact Us Help Site Map 公司介绍 联系. Configurations of 50 place and 100 place furnaces can be supplied and configured for LPG, natural gas,. The elements extend heater life, especially in corrosive environments. The furnace is mounted on a console fabricated from 2mm Zinc Anneal sheet and painted in. Creative Commons-BY-NC. 328512) Neoprene acid-proof gloves n. Cupellation is a refining process in metallurgy, where ores or alloyed metals are treated under high temperatures and controlled operations to separate noble metals, like gold and silver, from base metals like lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, antimony or bismuth, present in the ore. Pagtatayo ng Electric Cupellation furnace • Ang gabinete ng oven ng cupellation ay matibay na 2mm steel plate, na may linya na may mataas na kalidad na mga brick na may matigas ang ulo at pagkakabukod. A model of a late 19 th-century Canadian seal used to certify the quality of assayed gold. Due. 6/10 (cod. industries@morganplc. Also use Get Quotes to request offers from other expert suppliers in one easy step. Spare PartsSourcing Guide for Assay Crucible Fusion Furnace: With hundreds of thousands of products to choose from and an ever growing product range, your industrial equipment needs are sureCupellation Furnaces for sale online. Gently warm to speed up the dissolution of the ash. 85. +39. 3064 91% Sample 013 11. 60. Contact Supplier. The well know brand name ‘Labec’ has been part of the Australian market place now since 1945. Where I work we pre heat cupels for about 5-10 minutes in the furnace. The unit comprises one fixed and one rotating 200mm grinding plate turning on a horizontal axis. Pulin Das ]codeA. Spare PartsConfigurations of 50 place and 100 place furnaces can. 18F052X640. Chamber volumes: 10 to 43 litres. Group I. Semi-coke. Description: These 168-place cupellation furnaces are available with LPG, natural gas, or diesel fuel source options. The SiC muffle also ensures a clean and. The cupellation furnace price are temperature resistant, improvised modernized melting procedures to perform precise quality work and are widely popular among gold merchants too. Also use Get Quotes to request offers from other expert suppliers in one easy step. Learn more about Oil Cupellation Furnace. A coke Cupellation furnace still in use at the Mint is shown in front and side elevation in Figs. They are self-supporting, which enables them to be used in furnaces and kilns that are too wide or too long to be spanned by metallic or MoSi2 heating elements. 4 Muffle. VWR offers a wide assortment of products and brands in this category. 5. With a working area of 45 cm deep X 25 cm wide X 14. Bucking Room Equipment. Ramesh Singh, in Applied Welding Engineering (Third Edition), 2020. Elements can normally be replaced quickly, even when the furnace is hot, to minimize downtime. This reaction has to take place in a part-closed or closed container otherwise the zinc vapor would escape before it can react with the copper. Maximum temperature: 1,100, 1,200 °C Capacity: 3 l - 40 l Width: 290 mm - 530 mm. READ MOREFire Assay Cupellation Furnaces Manufacturers and Factory. Contact us today to find out more. Large scale cupellation experiments are entirely based on Agricola’s book, from the construction of the furnace to the conduct of the process. 100 or 168 Place Cupellation Furnace. Yosion. comAlsto can offer design, supply and installation of all mineral laboratory equipment and services including instrumentation and consumables. Morganite Cruicble India Ltd. Request for quotation Cupellation furnace N 4/13 CUP as a tabletop model Request information Catalog download Cupellation is a process to separate precious metals, such as gold or silver, from alloys with base metals. These are skimmed off and their zinc content recovered by vacuum retorting. 01272370519Cupellation Furnace Model EMF-C Phone: +61 (0)8 9249 4400 Website: Email: furnace. [1] [2] [3] The process is based on the. Get a Cupellation Furnace | 50 Place price and specifications from Furnace and Assay Supplies. Also compare specifications and support so you can buy with confidence. #7. 5. The hearth is constructed from refractory bricks and silicon carbide tiles. . Annual Turnover Rs. Gas/Oil Furnace 1 PF325PFA Burner Controller LFL1. Our engineers work closely with our customers to select the right furnace for their needs. All of your fire assay needs are available through VWR. The furnace is mounted on a console fabricated from 2mm zinc anneal sheet and finished in Hammerfin blue enamel. 1635 2 RF336LFL Ceramic Anchor 3" (Complete Assembly) (Set of 8) 1 PC128008. 50 (cod. Post Your Buy Requirement One Request Multiple Quotes. Description: These 168-place cupellation furnaces are available with LPG, natural gas, or diesel fuel source options. Manufacturer of Gold Furnaces - Electric Gold Cupellation Furnace, Gold Melting Furnaces For Hallmarking Centres, Gold Annealing Furnace and Gold Cupellation Furnace Hallmarking offered by Cera-therm International, Bengaluru, Karnataka. No. Cupellation Furnace Range Model EMF-D. Transformer 15va Multi-tap 50 -60Hz. Carbolite Gero cupellation furnaces are designed for testing using the cupellation, or fire assay test, method to ISO 11426:2014, a standard test method used to determine their purity. Floor Furnace Distributor - Select 2023 high quality Floor Furnace Distributor products in best price from certified Chinese Heating Furnace manufacturers, Temperature Furnace suppliers, wholesalers and factory on Made-in-China. Inside, the fireplace is brightly lit, and the. We enable science by offering product choice, services, process excellence and our people make it happen. High precision and accuracy make Pb-Fire assay the method of choice for gold analysis in mineralogical samples. Model EMF-C View. With that said, we’ve drawn up a list of all the. These 168-place cupellation furnaces are available with LPG, natural gas, or diesel fuel source options. Supplier: KLEN INTERNATIONAL (74) PTY LTD. 2 x salt, vinegar/urin and 2x powdered brick mix till it has a paste like consistency. GST 33ADNPJ7289A1ZH. Distillate – Furnace Industries oil burner package. Our engineers work closely with our customers to select the right furnace for their needs. Restoring the lattice structure of metal after cold-work—Annealing. Furnace for sale - Get Quotes to Compare Price & Specifications in Melbourne & Perth AustraliaThe invention relates to noble metal purity detection apparatus, in particular to an intelligent cupellation furnace for fire assaying, comprising a floor body and characterized in that the upper portion of the body is provided with a hearth, the lower portion of the body is provided with an intake pipe in communication with the hearth, the rear of the hearth is provided. Also use Get Quotes to request offers from other expert suppliers in one easy step. 330310) Scissors type arezzo (cod. 6 cupels: 24, 32 or 72Independent High Limit controller for ultimate safety, with double redundancy fail-safe’s to ensure furnace integrity and prevent furnace run away. Description: These 50/84-place fusion furnaces are available with LPG, natural gas, or. E. PhotonAssay – A Battle of MethodsFurnace Quotes - BrainyQuote. 4. FAS-170-NG2-100 Place Cupellation Muffle Furnace, Natural Gas - 100-Place Cupellation Muffle Furnace, Furnace and Assay Supplies - Each: Amazon. Door Operation. Also use Get Quotes to request offers from other expert suppliers in one easy step. Image Description Suggested Stock Qty. 500°C to 1200°C ŸSilicon Carbide Muffle for Energy Efficient and better uniformity. (2. Supplier: KLEN INTERNATIONAL (74) PTY LTD. Data sheet. Page 1 FURNACE & ASSAY Fuel Source: —— —–– S U P P L I E S 100 Place Cupellation Furnace Electrical: Operation & Maintenance Manual 220-240V Working. Shopping Sell. For 2 cups bismuth costs $2. Has an easy-to-use rotary main on/off switch. This controller is simple to operate, and has a 2-level display (PV and SV), that shows actual temperature as well as the temperature the furnace is set to. Configurations of 50 place and 100 place furnaces can be supplied and configured for LPG, natural gas,. The cupellation process was performed according to the ISO11426 Standard. Back to Products » Fire Assay Products. the cost per assay for fuel is 2. Easy To Maintain And Operate Emf-c Cupellation Furnace Electric/ashing Furnace , Find Complete Details about Easy To Maintain And Operate Emf-c Cupellation Furnace Electric/ashing Furnace,Cupellation Furnace,Ashing Furnace,Emf-c Cupellation Furnace Electric from Industrial Furnace Supplier or Manufacturer-Qingdao Yosion Intelligent. 50 Lakh - 1 Crore. Contact Supplier. Model EMF-C View. Thousands of these furnaces are in use throughout the world. Built to Industry Standards. Qingdao Decent Group Cupellation Furnace is a kind of fire assay equipment used to detect the content of precious metals, also known as muffle furnace. Technical Information. and Hunan Kilnsware Industrial Ceramics Co. The furnace can accommodate 24 no. Available with natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, or oil (diesel) fuel source options -Suitable for small labs 100-400 samples per day including standards -Base construction uses high-quality 50 x 50 RHS -Furnace body construction is durable 2mm laser-cut plate -High quality refractory brick and insulation -Bolt holes in base plates of all. If you want to know the price of related products, you can leave a message or contact Whatsapp: +86 18669806318 or. 100 PLACE CUPELLATION. Get Best Price. Cupellation Furnace. 4 Muffle. The flux is pure CaCO 3, and 25 kg are used per tonne of pig iron charged. The Standa rd temperatures (o C). Furnaces are available to meet the assay needs of your laboratory, whether only a few cupellations or hundreds are required daily. Also use Get Quotes to request offers from other expert suppliers in one easy step. 7 0. Electrical Requirements. Automatic & Manual 7 Day timer controls, accommodating any assay schedule. 4 Muffle. 0816 Sample 014 5. To Wrap Up. The impurities, including lead, copper, tin, and other unwanted metals, are oxidized and partly. Ÿ Door limit switch for making heating system off while door in open condition. Many laboratories seek productivity advances to keep pace with the growing demand for fire assay determinations. 58744 g for the gold ingot with 999. With oil at 8½ cents per gal. 5 kg. It is an oxidizing fusion of lead, gold and silver in a cupel (a small, shallow, porous cup usually made of bone ash orThe Gold Fire Assay Process of ores is almost universally conducted in the dry procedure by furnace methods. C. Available with natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, or oil (diesel) fuel source options. 50 kg to 22. The cupel made of pure ashes is looser and can be used for cupellation of crude gold and alloyed gold. Laboratory Furnace in Perth & Brisbane Australia for sale - Get Quotes to Compare Price & SpecificationsFacts Setting Standards in Quality and Reliability Experience in Thermal Processing Global Sales and Service Network · Production of laboratory and industrial furnaces since 1947 · Production site in Lilienthal/Bremen - Made in Germany · 500 employees worldwide · 150,000 customers in more than 100 countries · Very wide product range of furnaces ·. Y = CuOC. Fuel Options: LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) Natural Gas Oil (Diesel) Internal Dimensions: 200 mm high x 260 mm. The fire assay fusion furnace is simple and convenient to operate through the main switch. We accept OEM custom products all made in China. Electrical Connection is 3 phase with Earth. Standard features 1200°C maximum operating temperature Designed for testing using the cupellation method to ISO11426:1999 theCupellation Furnace - Buy Cupellation Furnace at best price of Rs 50000/piece by Acme Thermal Systems. FURNACE. Cupels should be 168 x 6A, 7A, or 7AS. Saudi Cupel Used for Cupellation Furnace 7as. YS - Electric 50 Place Cupellation Furnace for Fire Assaying to molten metal Suitable for: small labs 100-400 Samples per day including standards. 5125 J. 4. The fully ashed sample gives a white ash. Contact us today to find out more. com. Model MF-D View. Also use Get Quotes to request offers from other expert suppliers in one easy step. This fire assay cupellation furnace is specifically design and develope for the domestic precious metals analysis ("Gold fire assay analysis") . 3. Projects Reference Exhibition. Contact MARC Technologies Pty Ltd. ) and Diesel. So yes it is a very high base metal content that resulted from other concentration process(s) and no, we don't have an assay of the base/noble button. Learn more about Furnaces (Ashing and Muffle Ovens). Sturdy muffle furnace with 20mm silicon carbide chamber, Powerful forced air extraction inside the chamber to avoid. Get Best Price. • The 50 place cupellation furnace can be connected with. sample. The power on each phase is electronically controlled which avoids manual regulation and increases the life of the heating elements. A 3, B 4, C 1, D 2D. They are capable of higher operating temperatures and higher watt loadings than metallic. This casing is connected with a chimney 60 feet high by means of a wrought-iron hood, a, and flue which is provided with a. Wide : 650mm. Learn more about Furnaces (Ashing and Muffle Ovens). Large scale cupellation experiments are entirely based on Agricola’s book, from the construction of the furnace to the conduct of the process. Manufacturer of Muffle Furnace for 900 degree, 1200 degree, 1400 degree and 1800 degree. Height: 1,030, 2,055, 2,260 mm. Page 4 168 Place Cupellation Furnace 240V-FAS-180 System Overview: It can This furnace has a fan forced single burner system, with an automatic ignition system. We pull them out and let them cool. industries@morganplc. During cupellation, put the lead button which formed in fusion into the cupel, and melt it at 900 degrees Celsius in the cupellation furnace. 55. 50 x 6a, 7a or 7as Cupels. comThe cupellation furnaces are designed for the cupellation, or fire assay test, of precious metals, which is a standard test method used to determine their purity. Model MF-D View. 168-Place Cupellation Furnace, Furnace and Assay Supplies. suitable for small labs processing between 100 to 400 . Our Cupellation furnace range is available in a range of sizes, suitable for a range of cupels. A. 50 Lakh. Also compare specifications and support so you can buy with confidence. So yes it is a very high base metal content that resulted from other concentration process(s) and no, we don't have an assay of the base/noble button. 01272370519Cupellation Furnace Model EMF-C Phone: +61 (0)8 9249 4400 Website: Email: furnace. Voltage is customised to destination country of the furnace. The time consuming to reach the required temperature is about 50-55 mins, which consumes. Oil/Desiel CRUCIBLES 100 x 6A Cupels 100 x 7A or 7AS Cupels INTERNAL DIMENSION 560mm deep 480mm wide 190mm high PAIR WITH 50 Place Fusion Furnace. (NOTE: Voltage is customised to destination country of the furnace). As. Ashing and muffle ovens accurately heat to the selected temperature quickly improving energy efficiency and process times. 18F052X640. 5Kpa Max Inlet: 7Kpa Dimension Size L*W*H = 860* 990* 1700mm Temperature 1,110 C 100 Place Cupellation Furnace, Natural Gas - 240v, FAS-170-NG Laboratory Furnaces ** 168 Place Fusion Furnace ( larger model available )Find a trusted Laboratory Furnace supplier and compare products for sale in Australia. •Built to industry standards. Suitable for small labs 100-400 samples per day including standards. 088mm should account for more than 50%. 25 Place Electric Fire Assay Fusion Furnace to Mineral Lab in Africa 24 Sep 2020 . com. 95 and 96. Over this time, Labec have. It would probably be better to make two operations of this, raising the fineness to 50 or 60 per cent, of gold and silver in one. 0575324839 Email: info@fioainternational. We enable science by offering product choice, services, process excellence and our people make it happen. Heating Elements: 12 x Silicon carbide elements rated at 10. Voltage is customised to destination country of the furnace. Floor Furnace Factory - Select 2023 high quality Floor Furnace Factory products in best price from certified Chinese Heating Furnace manufacturers, Temperature Furnace suppliers, wholesalers and factory on Made-in-China. The charred sample is then place in a muffle furnace at 500 °Celsius until all evidence of carbon is gone. 0 piece. 8 cupels: 15, 24 or 50; Charge capacity of no. Supplier: KLEN INTERNATIONAL (74) PTY LTD. ammonium sulfate solution; paddywax incense palo santo; primal strength commercial 2 tier dumbbell rack v2; kawasaki versys 650 2022 top speed; 3m under sink water filter model a; unfinished unassembled kitchen cabinets; cupellation temperature cupellation temperature. say. Sign In Upload. All units come with automatic electronic temperature controllers and a 7 day timer. Built to industry standards. Talfurnco also supply clay, graphite protection sheaths and related instrumentation & accessories. 88 so a busy shop is only about to change when they have to. Available with natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, or oil (diesel) fuel source options. Cupellation Furnace Range Our Cupellation furnace range is available in a range of sizes, suitable for a range of cupels. Laboratory Furnace in Perth & Brisbane Australia for sale - Get Quotes to Compare Price & SpecificationsFacts Setting Standards in Quality and Reliability Experience in Thermal Processing Global Sales and Service Network · Production of laboratory and industrial furnaces since 1947 · Production site in Lilienthal/Bremen - Made in Germany · 500 employees worldwide · 150,000 customers in more than 100 countries · Very wide product range of furnaces ·. C. Sell. Also find Cupellation Furnace price list from verified suppliers with contact number | ID: 25511745533. 62-63. Get a Cupellation Furnace | 50 Place price and specifications from Furnace and Assay Supplies. 270mj/hr @ 3 kpa. Request a quote. Sorry, we have detected unusual traffic from your network. The process takes two to three hours. -A. 9‰ karat) was added to the samples. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List I Secret Societies A. ideally you want to cupel at 1750°F and your melt furnace exceeds that temperature with little ability to control it closely. Product List ; Supplier List; View: List View50. Door Operation. ) and Diesel. 50 Place Cupellation Furnace | 168 Place Cupellation Furnace | Electric 100 Place Fusion Furnace | 50 Place Fusion Furnace | Electric 20. When used within a suitable fume management system, the cupellation Cupellation. Production Capacity. be swapped between NG and LPG (propane) to suit varying site requirements, with just a few simple adjustments performed on-site involving a minimum of downtime and associated costs. AC three phase kilowatts to amps calculation formula [/h] The current I in amps is equal to 1000 times the power P in kilowatts, divided by square root of 3 times the power factor times the voltage V in volts: I = 1000× P / ( √ 3 × PF × V ) So amps are equal to 1000 times kilowatts divided by square root of 3 times power factor times volts. Optional port viewing window, rear extraction unit and hand valve door control extras are also available. AA New Member. 5 cm tall, this furnace will hold 50 x 6A, 7A or 7AS cupels. 5Kpa • Gas Pressure Requirements: • Min Inlet: 3. industries@morganplc. , Ltd. IndiaMART Member Since Nov 2010. Our engineers work closely with our customers to select the right furnace for their needs. Cupellation Muffle Furnace; Industrial Muffle Furnace. After loading the button, allow them to settle for 4 min, and let the "blower in" for next 10 min. Also compare specifications and support so you can buy with confidence. The design of the cupellation furnace range ensures protection from the corrosive environment which would damage a conventional furnace. 2 cupels 0. The noble silver and gold remain in the elemental form, while the lead. Our Cupellation furnace range is available in a range of sizes, suitable for a range of cupels. 0575357452 - Fax +39. The furnace is mounted on a console fabricated from 2mm Zinc Anneal sheet and painted in. The Standa rd temperatures (o C). Thanks for helping. Home Fire Assay Fire Assay Products Crucibles ILS offers a choice of crucibles, in either single or multi-use varieties, to suit your assay requirements. 200 mm high x 260 mm wide x 460 mm deep. 4 muffle. Cupellation furnaces. Electrical Requirements. Cupellation Furnace | Electrical (50 place; 100 place & 168 Place) Fusion Furnace | Gas (LPG & NG) and Diesel (25 place and 50 place) Fusion Furnace. Get Cupellation Furnace Range Model EMF-C in Aurangabad, Maharashtra at best price by Morganite Cruicble India Ltd. Cupellation:-An oxidizing fusion of lead, gold ,silver and associated base metal in a cupel which absorbs the lead oxide along with base metals oxides leaving a lead of gold and silver (along with platinum group metals, if any) on the cupel. Operated by foot control. In the case of calcine-charged furnaces, a significant portion of the sulfur has been eliminated during the roasting stage, and the calcine consists of a mixture of copper and iron oxides and sulfides. Length: 1410mm Width: 1490mm. Takes 50 x 6a, 7a, 7as Cupels or 36 x 8s Cupels at one time. We enable science by offering product choice, services, process excellence and our people make it happen. Natural Gas - Furnace Industries NG2 Burner package. Remove any packing material from inside the furnace before use. The CF cupellation furnaces are designed for the cupellation, or fire assay test, of precious metals, which is a standard test method used to determine their purity. Sparks, Nevada USA 60PF LPG Fusion Furnace [27420-LPG] - Specify Propane (LPG) or Natural Gas (NG) 60PF Fusion Furnace - Capacity of (84) 30g/40g Crucibles. Alsto Fusion Furnace | Electrical Electrical (20/28 place; 25/36 place & 25/42 Place depending on crucib. V. Cupels should be 168 x. 4 (Small Slotted) Suit Muffle No. Cupellation Furnaces. VWR offers a wide assortment of products and brands in this category. Takes 100 x 6a, 7a, 7as or 72 x 8s Cupels at one time. com P. The furnace is fitted with a 10 AMP single phase cord and plug top. Operated by foot control. Part NumberElectric Cupellation Furnace Heat Treatment Electric Furnace Horizontal Vacuum High Pressure , Find Complete Details about Electric Cupellation Furnace Heat Treatment Electric Furnace Horizontal Vacuum High Pressure,Electric Cupellation Furnace,Electric Furnace,Cupellation Furnace from Laboratory Heating Equipments Supplier or. Configurations of 50 place and 100 place furnaces can be supplied and configured for LPG, natural gas, diesel or electric fuel sources. All of our crucibles can be used with a multi-pour system. Standard configurations are for 25 place or 50 place systems. Acme Coating Furnace, CVD/Cvi Treatment, Sic Coating, Silicon Carbide Coating, Sic Deposition, Silicon Carbide Deposition, Deposition Furnace US$ 130000-260000 / Set 1 Set (MOQ)Get a Cupellation Furnace | Electric 100 Place price and specifications from Furnace and Assay Supplies. Silicon Carbide SiC Ceramic Muffle for Cupellation Furnace $1. Hi-temperature Muffle Furnaces Manufacturers and Factory. Description: These 168-place cupellation furnaces are available with LPG, natural gas, or diesel fuel source options. • Gas Consumption: 270Mj Per Hr • Operating Pressure: 3. . Relying on our wide experience and skills in this field, we are noted as one of the most prestigious names occupied in an offering of Cupellation Furnace. 0 0. 8 cupels OR 24 no. Fact Sheet. We accept OEM custom products all made in China. The mufflefurnaces L 1/12 - LT 40/12 have been proven for daily laboratory use. Eight firings were con-ducted between April 2007 and July 2009. Cupels should be 168 x. Door Operation. Global Changzhou Wellife Furnace Co Ltd Company Export Data. Download / Monitor : Serial Programming Cable/ Mini USB. The original charge assayed at approx. Spare Parts Sourcing Guide for Assay Crucible Fusion Furnace: With hundreds of thousands of products to choose from and an ever growing product range, your industrial equipment needs are sure Sourcing Guide for Assay Lab Fusion Furnace: Find more online shopping business in less effort by choosing the right China instruments & meters suppliers on our website. We can also customize each system to suit your furnace capacity. Independent Laboratory Supplies PTY LTD Edit Product More Info. STANDARD 2 50. Where I work we pre heat cupels for about 5-10 minutes in the furnace. Laboratory Supplies, Sample Preparation and Mining Supplies. When unpacking or moving the furnace always lift it by its base or by both ends of the main body. IndiaMART Member Since May 2009. Ghadhar Party 3. (cod. 00. 356210)The heat exchanger, burner, flue, ductwork, and ventilation pipes are the main parts of a furnace. Thousands of these furnaces are in use throughout the world. - (50) 50g/65g. Recommended Cupellation furnace. From this evidence we must conclude that the cupellation process, and therefore fire assaying, was invented in Asia Minor in the first half of the third millennium B. 1200 Degree Electric Cupellation Furnace For Assay The Gold In Laboratory , Find Complete Details about 1200 Degree Electric Cupellation Furnace For Assay The Gold In Laboratory,Electric Cupellation Furnace,1200 Degree Muffle Furnace,Cupel Muffle Furnace from Industrial Furnace Supplier or Manufacturer-Qingdao Yosion Intelligent. Smelting Furnace of Iron Ore Laboratory-scale experiments showed that pig irons and steels of acceptable grade can be made by arc-furnace methods from east Texas siliceous ores containing less than 25 percent iron. 147mm, of which 0.