rhegmatogenous retinal detachment icd 10. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center between June 2020 and March 2021. rhegmatogenous retinal detachment icd 10

 
 A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center between June 2020 and March 2021rhegmatogenous retinal detachment icd 10 H33

Retinal detachment with retinal break. Version 2024. Surgery was performed the better-seeing right eye that had a visual acuity of 20/200 and a rhegmatogenous component. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM H33. 1, 2 They are most commonly seen in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), but they can also be found as sequelae of vascular occlusions, sickle cell. Risk factors included myopia (95%), lattice retinal degeneration (60%), and pseudophakia (5%). What ICD-10 code (s) should be used There are two valid diagnoses: H43. ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code H33. 2 - other international versions of ICD-10 H33. injury (trauma) of eye and orbit ( S05. He noted no redness, irritation, or blurriness in either eye. This occurs outside the global period. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code E11. 033 - other international versions of ICD-10 H33. 022 may differ. 5 mm behind the limbus. serous retinal detachment (without retinal break) (H33. H33. 3542 e11. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H33. 0): 124 Other disorders of the eye with mcc. H33. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment; Type 1 Excludes. Inclusion criteria included patients who had surgical interventions for RRD with pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckle (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), or combined. The following is a case of combined diabetic TRD/RRD for which an illuminated infusion chandelier was employed to assist with visualization during. 029 became effective on October 1, 2023. 051. 1 Disease;. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history. 019 - other international versions of ICD-10 H33. 0 Retinal detachment with retinal break. 001 became effective on October 1, 2023. Retinal detachment denotes pathologic expansion of the subretinal space, with partial to complete displacement of the retina from its normal association with the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). 3543 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, bilateral . Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) (figure 1) is the most common form of RD occurring in approximately 1 in 10 000 of the population per annum. doi:10. All non-exudative and non-tractional RDs originate from a retinal defect. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) are separations of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is the most common form of RD occurring in approximately 1 in 10 000 of the population per annum. In normal eyes, retinal detachment (RD) occurs at a rate of approximately 5 per 100,000 people per year and the frequency of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) remains largely unchanged in primary RD, with the incidence ranging from 5. H33. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The following code (s) above H33. 012 Retinal detachment (rhegmatogenous) with single break, left eye 3. Introduction. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) are separations of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium that occur following a break in. 00-. 051 became effective on October 1, 2023. In the treatment of RRD, the most commonly used techniques are scleral buckling (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and pneumatic retinopexy (PR). Combined tractional and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (combined RD) is a rare but serious complication in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). • E11. H33. Methods: Retrospective cohort study from December 1, 2014, to March 1, 2020, of 205 consecutive patients treated for RRD with silicone oil (SO) tamponade and subsequent SOR with at. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10. 69 - other international versions of ICD-10 Z86. H33. H33. H33. Code Sets; Indexes; Code Sets and. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on cases of 44 total. National. Known risk factors include myopia and higher axial length of the eye,. Methods This is a cross-sectional hospital-based retrospective study over nine years (March 2011–March 2020) from a pyramidal eye care. Other hereditary vitreoretinopathies that are not encoded by specific ICD code(s) were captured by text search. 3542. 23 - other international versions of ICD-10 H33. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code E11. X ; E10. ICD-10-CM DIAGNOSES: 67113 Repair of traction RD: LT: 1, 6: 67121. Retinal detachment (RD) is a medical condition that can potentially lead to blindness, and rhegmatogenous RD is the most common type []. 719. Am J Ophthalmol. Retinal detachment with multiple breaks, right eye. due to underlying condition with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, right. 01. ICD 10 code for Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, bilateral. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H33. Results. 3541 E10. serous retinal detachment (without retinal break) (H33. No additional charge is made for the removal of the oil. Introduction. This fluid builds up and causes the retina to pull away. A total of 100 patients diagnosed with RRD were enrolled in the study. Journal of French Ophtalmology 17, 530-540 (1994). A literature review shows that 7–35% of cases undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for complications of diabetic retinopathy had combined RD [ 1 – 3 ], and the occurrence rate. Showing 1-25: ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code H33. Both direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy should be performed after dilating the pupil. Retina 38 , 471–479 (2018). 3543 e11. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H33. 049 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. H33. Treatments may include laser or injection therapy. Purpose: To describe the surgical outcomes of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) associated with giant retinal tears (GRTs) and define factors associated with primary anatomic failure. The incidence is approximately 10/100,000 [1. 69. The guide lists the. Z98. Convert to ICD-10-CM: 361. 359 may differ. 1 It develops when there is a retinal ‘break’ or full-thickness defect in the neurosensory retina (NSR) that allows the ingress of fluid from the vitreous cavity into the subretinal space, resulting in separation of the NSR from the. 3543. b, c SD-OCT B-scan images reveal subretinal fluid nasal to the fovea; however, the central fovea was intact. 021 for Retinal detachment with multiple breaks, right eye is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -Disorders of . It is found in the 2023 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2022 - Sep 30, 2023. Learn about the risk factors, features, and examination of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), the most common type of retinal. Schwartz-Matsuo syndrome presents with signs and symptoms related to retinal detachment and increased intraocular pressure, including unilateral eye pain. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: a review of current practice in diagnosis and management. University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St. H35. Disorders of choroid and retina. 0. There may be a combination of these categories in some cases. Retinal detachment (RD) is an acute or progressive condition in which the neuroretina separates from the retinal pigment epithelium, subretinal fluid accumulates, and retinal function is lost. 37- Puckering of macula The last digit (signified. 2-); Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. ↑ Bonnet, M. Different surgical techniques exist for the repair of RRD and they include: scleral buckling (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), a combined PPV/SB,. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a retinal disease that can deteriorate central vision when it involves the macula. 69 per 100,000 children. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a complex cellular reaction representing a vitreoretinal wound-healing response that results in a characteristic clinical appearance. due to underlying condition with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and. -) 124 Other disorders of the eye with mcc or thrombolytic agent. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2020 Mar;258 (3):467-478. 3543icd-10-cm d iagnosis c odes . 124 Other disorders of the eye with mcc or thrombolytic agent; 125 Other disorders of the eye without mcc; Convert H35. 029 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. 69 - other international versions of ICD-10 Z86. Purpose: To determine factors associated with loss of good vision (defined as Snellen visual acuity [VA] < 20/40) after surgery among eyes presenting with macula-on primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with initial VA ≥20/40. 011 may differ. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H33. Search All ICD-10; ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Codes;. Patients must be forewarned that, despite this treatment, the RRD may progress and require additional inter­vention, including surgery. ; Laser will blanch retinoschisis but not a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code E10. 30, D31. 41 may differ. 019 may differ. 5% of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs). ICD-10 codes for performing tests at frequencies more than every 3 months. 2016 (effective 10/1/2015): New code. Abstract. In an ideal scenario, RRD can be repaired with a single surgical intervention; however, despite excellent skill, flawless technique, and the introduction of high-end technology, up to 10% of cases require additional interventions. 8 Other retinal detachments; instead of 361. 34- Macular cyst, hole or pseudohole. The estimated risk of RRD for men and women, with and without high myopia, is plotted for each of these ten models in the Supplementary Fig. In this video, Dr. Exclusion criteria were prior history of RD, history of vitrectomy or scleral buckling procedure, tractional RD, traumatic RD and retinal dialysis, giant retinal tear–associated RD, PVR, and exudative or serous RD. 3521 E10. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H33. 033 may differ. H33. ↓ See below for any exclusions, inclusions or special notations. 003 - other international versions of ICD-10 H33. Abstract. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair is one of the most common vitreoretinal surgeries a surgeon performs. ICD 10 code for Other specified diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, unspecified eye. -) Bilateral partial recent retinal detachments with multiple retinal defects. The present study evaluated the risk factors of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). 019 - other international versions of ICD-10 H33. Per Annual ICD-10 Updates: The following codes were added to Group 1: H36. 819, H36. Treatments for retinal detachment. 1, 2016, hundreds of new ICD-10 codes that impact doctors of optometry went into e­ffect. E11. Epidemiology and Etiology. The following code(s) above E11. 21, ICD 10 H44. 3543 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, bilateral . Right hemorrhagic retinal pigment epithelium detachment; ICD-10-CM H35. 42 - other international versions of ICD-10 H33. Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment-. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM Z86. Macula-on rhegmatogenous retinal detachments require early intervention to prevent subretinal fluid from reaching the macula and reducing visual acuity. 3541. Stickler syndrome is the most common inherited cause of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Toggle navigation. 9 is a billable medical code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis on a reimbursement claim, however, 361. Several published reports compare. 3542 E10. 023 - other international versions of ICD-10 H33. Depending on the etiology which leads to subretinal fluid accumulation, retinal detachment is divided into three categories- rhegmatogenous, tractional, or exudative retinal detachment. 042 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. 3542. 3521. H33. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM H33. The incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the European population is approximately 10 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year and reaches a peak in the 6th and 7th decades of life, mostly in atemporal association with posterior vitreous body detachment. This procedure is indicated for localized detachments such as subclinical retinal detachment. 009 Unspecified retinal detachment with retinal break, unspecified eye. H33. 42 may differ. Risk factors included myopia (95%), lattice retinal degeneration (60%), and pseudophakia (5%). 08%). Drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy, right eye. The following code (s) above H33. H33. Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of silicone oil (SO) emulsification after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and possible correlations with clinical factors. Retinal detachment with retinal break; Retinal detachment with retinal defect; Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment; ICD-10-CM H33. 0. In an ideal scenario, RRD can be repaired with a single surgical intervention; however, despite excellent skill, flawless technique, and the introduction of high-end technology, up to 10% of cases require. H33. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is the most common form of RD occurring in approximately 1 in 10 000 of the population per annum. Results. Management of RRD is. H33. 37X1 E11. 40 became effective on October 1, 2023. 2023 ICD-10-CM Range H00-H59. Purpose To describe the spectrum and demographic distribution of non-oncological retinal diseases in children and adolescents presenting to a multi-tier ophthalmic hospital network in India. 9 [convert to ICD-9-CM] Biomechanical lesion, unspecified. 1, 2,. - Retinal detachments and breaks ; 2024 ICD-10-CM Code H33. Right retinal detachment with single break; ICD-10-CM H33. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM H33. There are three different types of retinal detachment: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is the most common type. Patients must be forewarned that, despite this treatment, the RRD may progress and require additional inter­vention, including surgery. 354_ Type 2 DM with PDR with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. 22 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. 043 [convert to ICD-9-CM] Retinal detachment with retinal dialysis, bilateral. 38 to 0. Practices can expect claim denials if unspecified codes continue to be used. Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment (RRD) RD associated with a retinal break; usually presents with convex, generalized RD that extends to ora serrata. Inflammatory. It was initially indicated for a single. 033 - other international versions of ICD-10 H33. Excludes1: serous retinal detachment (without retinal break) (H33. of . 6 days after botulinum toxin injection to the right medial rectus muscle. From: Reference Module in Neuroscience and. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM H33. Combined tractional and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in X-linked retinoschisis. 02 became effective on October 1, 2023. Left eye, superior bullous retinal detachment’ has been. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for. Ninety-six eyes met the inclusion criteria, which. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code E08. 354 type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal. Subscribe to Codify by AAPC and get the code details in a flash. 354 Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachmentRhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is the most common form of retinal detachment [] and is characterized by the presence of a retinal break as an entry point of fluid into the subretinal space, leading to separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) [2, 3]. ICD-10 code D18. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H35. Defying the trend to greater specificity, there are no ICD-10 codes for old retinal detachments. 033 : H00-H59. This ar-. History: A rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a patient’s left eye had previously been repaired using silicone oil, and the oil must be removed. The cornerstone of RRD examination is the search for retinal break(s). 353_—Type 2 DM with PDR with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula. [1] It is one of the most common treatable causes of. (1) 57. rhegmatogenous retinal detachment ; Separation of retinal layers;ICD-10-CM/PCS MS-DRG v34. 051 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. The term denotes the separation of the neuroepithelium from the pigment epithelium (rather than detachment of the retina, which consists of the neuroepithelium and the RPE, from the choroid) and therefore implies re-establishment of the space between the original layers of the embryonic optic cup. The surgeon directs a laser beam into the eye through the pupil. H33. ICD-10-CM Codes. The most important factor is the macular status, which is determined using direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy. 012 - Retinal detachment (rhegmatogenous) with single break, left eye; H21. Retinal detachment has many causes, including traumatic retinal tears or holes (rhegmatogenous detachment); traction by abnormal. ICD-9-CM 361. 4) were. This is usually performed with the patient under topical anesthe­sia. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H33. 3543. H33. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code E09. 05 contain annotation back-references that may be applicable to H33. 2024 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code H33. injury (trauma) of eye and orbit ( S05. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM H33. Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, unspecified eye: E113551: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable. A giant retinal tear (GRT) is defined as a full-thickness retinal tear of at least three clock hours (90°) in the circumferential span. The incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the European population is approximately 10 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year and reaches a peak in the 6th and 7th decades of life, mostly in atemporal association with posterior vitreous body detachment. In this study, we investigate the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and prognosis of total RRD. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H33. injury (trauma) of eye and orbit ( S05. In rhegmatogenous RD, retinal discontinuity promotes. 052 - other international versions of ICD-10 H33. 3542. Symptoms are decreased peripheral or central vision, often described as a curtain or dark cloud coming across the field of vision. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code E09. 002 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. 033 contain annotation back-references that may be applicable to H33. T85. Unspecified retinal detachment with retinal break, right eye. 3549. 42 Traction detachment of the retina, left eye 2. PVR can be induced by diverse events including rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, surgical intervention, or trauma. E11. 21, ICD 10 H44. 3539 . The code became effective on October 1, 2023 and has multiple exclusions and annotations. 0 Definitions Manual: Skip to content: Appendix C: Principal diagnoses which convert CC/MCC to non-CC. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H33. The basic ICD-10-CM diagnosis for each code is as follows: H35. 1 It develops when there is a retinal ‘break’ or full-thickness. Presents as primary rhegmatogenous RD, secondary to traction, or exudative in nature. 353_—Type 2 DM with PDR with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula. ICD-10 code H33. Search All ICD-10; ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Codes;. 05. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code H35. ICD 10 code for Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula, left eye. However, complications such as SO. 059 became effective on October 1, 2023. 3549 . Retinal detachment refers to the separation of the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. Of the 3 procedures used to repair RRDs, only one method, pneumatic retinopexy (PR), is performed in the office rather than in the operating room. 009. doi: 10. H35. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is the most common form of retinal detachment. 011 ICD-10 code H33. All other Codes (ICD-10, Bill Type, and Revenue) have moved to Articles for DME MACs, as they have for the other Local Coverage MAC types. 051 may differ. Takeaway. 53 A recent systematic review and meta-analysis 54 of outcomes of PPV for RRD found a primary retinal reattachment rate of 72%, which is much lower than that for dTRD repair reported herein. H33. 3542 ; E10. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code E11. H33. This free tool is designed to help billers and coders navigate the new ICD-10-CM code set. Registry-acquired clinical practice. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM H33. 042 became effective on October 1, 2022. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of H33. The following codes indicate or imply a condition of hyperglycemia and may be billed alone on the claim. Purpose: To evaluate visual and anatomical outcomes of diabetic tractional retinal detachment repaired with pars plana vitrectomy. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM H33. Serous retinal pigment epithelium detachment ICD-10-CM H35. 1-4 Vitreous degeneration as a process of aging is well understood and is best described as the progressive detachment of the. 3522 is a billable diagnosis code used to specify a medical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula, left eye. Codes; Modifiers; License Data Files; Disclaimer; Search Results. Patients with one or more diagnosis codes associated with a VEHSS subgroup are assigned to that subgroup. It happens slowly over time. ICD-10 code E11. With proliferative retinopathy, with ; combined traction retinal detach­ ment and rhegmatogenous retinal . 40 became effective on October 1, 2023. 033, A18. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM H33. 23 may differ. Introduction. 67025: Injection of vitreous substitute,. It is found in the 2023 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct. Combined tractional and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (combined RD) is a rare but serious complication in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Vitrectomy with tamponade is the treatment of choice for more complex retinal detachments. 32: Horseshoe tear of retina without detachment. While the clinical course and outcomes of acute RRD are well-studied, outcomes of. (ICD 9 367. 059 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. 3521 Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition with proliferative diabeticRhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is one of the most common vision-threatening ocular emergencies. While the clinical course and outcomes of acute RRD are well. As the name suggests, complete removal of the vitreous is achieved via a vitreous cutting tool inserted ~3. Thanks Diagnosis: 1. ICD 10 code for Diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula, bilateral. Epidemiology. 031 may differ. Untuk menemukan berapa kodenya bisa menggunakan aplikasi ICD 10 WHO. Males may be at a slightly higher risk than females of getting a rhegmatogenous retinal. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause for failure of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair and is characterized by the growth and contraction of cellular membranes within the vitreous cavity and on both sides of the retinal surface as well as intraretinal fibrosis ( Figure 1 ). 73-) H33. 418, D57. H33. 811, H36. 001027. 1 Disease Entity. The key to successful management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is to find and seal all of the retinal breaks, and the two main surgical techniques. 732 to ICD-9-CM. ICD-10 code H33. 04- Lattice degeneration of the retina 362. 7 should not be used for reimbursement purposes as there are multiple codes below it that contain a greater level of detail. This procedure is indicated for localized detachments such as subclinical retinal detachment. ↓ See below for any exclusions, inclusions or special notations. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is the most common type of retinal detachment (RD) and may result in significant morbidity and visual disability. Presents as primary rhegmatogenous RD, secondary to traction, or exudative in nature. Eye (2022) Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is an ophthalmic emergency, which usually requires prompt surgery to prevent further detachment and restore sensory function. 2% to 6. This article was previously published with errors: Figure 1 caption ‘Retinal detachment. Codes. Risk factors included myopia (95%), lattice. All other Codes (ICD-10, Bill Type, and Revenue) have moved to Articles for DME MACs, as they have for the other Local Coverage MAC types. 02: Detachment. -) along with CPT 67113. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code E10. Cara cepat mencarinya adalah dengan menyalin diagnosis ‘rhegmatogenous retinal detachment’ pada kolom pencarian, dan secara otomatis, daftar kode ditampilkan di. D012163. 052 may differ. With it, you get a hole, tear, or break in the retina. Tractional retinal detachment (TRD) is less common than other types of retinal detachment and is caused by fibrovascular membranes exerting tractional forces on the retina. Although several.