You will have to ask them if and when it deletes snapshots. You can browse and restore snapshots using Snapshot Replication, File Station, Windows File Explorer, or other file protocols. 1 They are the perfect cost-effective file management and sharing solution for SMBs and come equipped with advanced backup capabilities designed for businesses with expanding. A replication task for a LUN can be executed every 15 minutes. Any snapshot protection only gets you so far in case things go really bad (but with the raid setup to protect against disk failures and btrfs snapshots that might be very helpfull to protect nicely against a ransomware attack, that is still a good start). The FS2017 is the ideal storage solution for operating load-critical virtual machines. If the replication source fails, shared folders or LUNs on the replication destination can be read and written to continue to. FS6400, FS3600, FS3410, FS3400, FS3017, FS2500, FS2017, FS1018. Thinking that we can purchase an RS815 and replicate the backups to that. The table below shows the Synology NAS models supporting the Btrfs file system: Series. Click Delete to confirm the removal. The following steps will help mitigate the impact or will help you respond to the ransomware disaster: Gather information about the ransomware attack. You can browse and restore snapshots using Snapshot Replication, File Station, Windows File Explorer, or other file protocols. Snapshot Replication is an expert of data backup and recovery with the point-in-time copy mechanism. When activated, Snapshots automatically replicates the shared folder as often as every five. File System ของคุณจะต้องเป็น Btrfs. I myself am using synology since 2016. Take immutable snapshots of shared folders and LUNs that cannot be deleted via any method. sudo btrfs send /path/to/snapshot -f /media/@_basic_install. Subvolumes can share file extents. . Was this article helpful?. It took a long time to write the data but it was pretty easy overall. Synology DS220+ is a compact network-attached storage solution designed to streamline your data and multimedia management. A continuación, os vamos a explicar brevemente las principales características de EXT4 y de Btrfs. If it still doesn't work after waiting for a while, you can try to delete the Synology snapshots directly. 9908. 265 online transcodingSnapshot Replication (available on Synology NAS models that support Btrfs) includes options to take snapshots on demand or configure schedules and retention policies. What this does is add a #snapshot folder to the shared folder that you can access via SMB/CIFS, AFP, FTP, File Station, you name it. Select a shared folder or LUN and click Snapshot > Snapshot List. This is a great solution to quick backups that uses the btrfs and is a win. Click Remove. ago. It would be pleasant if there would be a Windows commandline possibility to do this automatically. rsync, or a graphical frontend such as grsync, can exclude files and directories and allows for incremental backups. A Replication is a mechanism used to sync snapshots of shared folders or LUNs between the sources and destinations. In Btrfs, a snapshot is a copy of an entire subvolume taken at a given point in time. 1. Snapshots are readonly unless they are mounted as a share folder -#snapshots visibility I usually recommend turning it off unless you need it when browsing the snapshots via dsm file station (antivirus software won't understand that #snapshots isn't a folder and can end up scanning every single snapshot that will have mostly identical data), on windows pc. This NAS will be to host audio files, video files and it might be also used as a working share for Protools (Digital Audio Workstation) meaning we will be doing audio recording to. Snapshot replication takes things a step further and allows you to replicate a folder with snapshots to a different Synology NAS (or locally). To set a space reclamation schedule: Launch Storage Manager. First list them: cd /your/mount. FS6400, FS3600, FS3410, FS3400, FS3017, FS2500, FS2017, FS1018. FS6400, FS3600, FS3410, FS3400, FS3017, FS2500, FS2017, FS1018. 25. This is on Xubuntu. You can replicate with btrfs to another Synology NAS that also has btrfs and Snapshot replication loaded. Ok after 4 days of trying to figure this out I think I finally got it! I ran the command: btrfs filesystem reclaim-space -S /volume1 -r It took a little while to run, and afterwards nothing looked different. 2. Select a time range no shorter than a week by specifying the start and end date. Note: You can press and hold Ctrl or Shift to select multiple items. You're also combining backup and sync tools and not distinguishing if you're backing up to the NAS or from the NAS. Data in a readonly snapshot will be treated as CoW (Copy on Write) and that's what will eat your space. Select a shared folder and click Snapshot > Calculate Size. Added support for the configuration of date and time formats in personal account settings and Control Panel. Go to "Control Panel > Terminal & SNMP" to check the "Enable SSH service" box. Whether for work or play, Synology offers a wide range of network-attached storage (NAS) choices for every occasion. การทำ Snapshot Replication บน Synology เพื่อป้องกัน Ransomware. What takes up space is each consecutive data change, that is why snapshots are created instantaneously. Same fix helped. Yay!So yes snapshots, synology drive versioning, hyperbackups received from the 2nd nas, rsync to keep part of my media library in sync on both units, all add up on the total usage, all depending also on retention and changerate, but still I try keep all of it as long as capacity and budget allows. You can see the number of snapshots taken within the selected time. – Snapshot Replication is a package that must be downloaded and configured before using. 8. In the rsync mode, snapshots are taken using rsync and hard links, and common files are shared between the snapshots to save disk space. With scheduled snapshots, Snapshot Replication will automatically take snapshots at the pre-determined time and frequency, and it will thus lighten your workload to take. FS6400, FS3600, FS3410, FS3400, FS2500. Click Snapshot and choose Take a Snapshot. Select the LUN of which you want to take snapshots. Go to Snapshot Replication > Snapshots. . The snapshot replication wizard only lists local btrfs volumes, so it doesn't show the USB drive (which I mkfs. A snapshot is also subvolume, but with a given initial content of the original subvolume. Or you can use apt-btrfs-snapshot delete instead. AFAIK in the Synology UI everything is managed in the Snapshot Replication app, even if you don't replicate them. I reduced the number of snapshots but without affecting the occupied space - see extract. Select the Shared Folder to recover the file from. The diagram below shows a subvolume and its snapshot sharing the same data. FS6400, FS3600, FS3410, FS3400, FS3017,. Your data in safe hands with Btrfs 1. Even in single-disk laptop or desktop configurations, ZFS has a number of advantages over btrfs that will make your life much. You can see the number of snapshots taken within. 1 Answer. Other then that. Select Remove. Unless Synology went all evil and disabled an app on purpose. This, while Synology reccomends BTRFS when creating volumes. This is a tutorial on how to set up Synology Snapshots to ensure that your data is never lost, even if your files change! This allows you to revert back to p. nazump • 3 yr. The Synology DiskStation Manager (DSM) operating system that powers DS423+ uses the advanced Btrfs file system, which safeguards your data against corruption and allows for the reversal of any unintended or malicious changes through the use of snapshot technology. Synology Knowledge Center offers comprehensive support, providing answers to frequently asked questions, troubleshooting steps, software tutorials, and all the technical documentation you may need. You can browse and restore snapshots using Snapshot Replication, File Station, Windows File Explorer, or other file protocols. Models. S. /install. Users can replicate snapshots taken of shared folders and LUNs from a Synology NAS to another Synology NAS as long as both NAS are using Btrfs file systems. Synology BTRFS Snapshot Replication allows you to send BTRFS snapshots from one Synology NAS to another, at ultra low intervals. e. 0 btrfs-progs library compiled against the Synology kernel, but if the issue is Synology patches, I have no idea what versions of btrfs would. Select a snapshot and click Edit. If you have a snapshot of a volume where the files are encrypted, solve the ransomware attack and activate the snapshot before the ransomware occurred. Learn more about Btrfs. Storage Manager Btrfs. You have the /@ subvolume mounted in /, so there is no such file with that name. All other blocks are shared between both snapshots. selecting the shared folder/LUN and clicking Action > Sync to run the replication task right away. The snapshot feature on DSM is specially designed, so replicating snapshots to other Linux-based devices isn't available either. I have worked out the following command to get the creation time of the snapshots. Do the following according to your DSM version: Go to the Storage page. So it must work. You can correlate two lists together to get sizes of each subvolume/snapshot. Btrfs supports advanced storage technologies that meet the needs of modern business: • Advanced snapshot technology provides schedulable and near-instantaneous data protection of shared. Next step is replication. Synology Backup SuiteThis bug appears with a btrfs volume (with trash bin activated or not) using snapshots with snapshot replication software. 78GB of allocated metadata, which seems somewhat odd (too much allocated metadata). We are assuming it is /dev/sda1. The snapshot benefits with Synology/BTRFS is that they are created instantly (near zero CPU load) and they occupy very little space as compared to old-fashioned snapshot technology. I've tried to connect it to a ESXi host and the connection works but I never tried to backup a VM. The overwritten block is normally then freed and can be reused later. 25. Was this article helpful?. drive does not encrypt". Background noise: 16. # mount /dev/sdXY /mnt/blah # btrfs subvolume list /mnt/blah # umount /mnt/blah or alternatively with: # btrfs restore -l /dev/sdXY | grep ROOT_ITEM Afterwards you use btrfs-find-root to get the block number to which you want to revert (usually the one just before the maximum one which is the current root). 4. g. In any case, you will be presented with the same window. The advanced Btrfs file system helps safeguard data against corruption through file self-healing and allows for the reversal of unintentional or malicious changes through fast snapshot. Now I can get a Win 10 VM going. hexamer23 • 4 yr. We destroyed the volume on uk2 to recreate it in BTRFS instead of EXT4. exFAT is best option for USB drives. You can create one-to-many/extended replications for a shared folder to at most 3 different destinations. Click Snapshot > Snapshot List. For those that prefer, here is a video review of the snapshot replication process: As i understand, you have a Shared Folder in your synology nas which is then mapped on your client pc's (smb share). Your data in safe hands with Btrfs 1. If, for example, most your data writes are file add (like storing your camera roll, your movie collection,etc), btrfs snapshots will use virtually no extra space. Data integrity is better, based on checksum technology; Somewhat better disaster management-BTRFS:For DSM 7. 2. S. The copy app is if you regularly load/unload photos or anything else transient so it. Click Snapshot > Snapshot List. key. Even backed it up to 2 separate drives. Snapshots also let users recover their own deleted or modified files in shared folders on their own. If you use Windows, ABB is great though. For USB backup use Hyper Backup. That are many copies of the past years (even an ‘antique’ DS412 + from 2012 can handle it – provided it is kept up to date in terms of operating system), and in this article we assume that your NAS uses BTRFS (works differently). Jul 17, 2018. Select one or more snapshots you wish to remove, and click Remove. Btrfs is a modern file system designed to safeguard data integrity through metadata mirroring, file self-healing, and fast snapshot replication. The following drives cannot be mixed: SATA and SAS drives, SSDs and HDDs, or 4K. Btrfs（B-tree file system : バター エフエス、またはB木 『ビーツリー』 エフエスと読む ）はLinux向けのコピーオンライトのファイルシステムで、オラクルによって2007年に発表されGNU General Public License (GPL) の元で公開されている 。 Btrfsはサン・マイクロシステムズのZFSファイルシステムの影響を受け. 04GB of allocated data, yet there is 1. I am looking into BTRFS (seems like snapshot is the biggest benefit). arch_maniac. Make sure that you have enough drives to create a RAID 6 storage pool: 1. We begun testing BTRFS based "Snapshot and Replication" application rather than our own way of doing things. Hi - I just had the very same problem that deletions would just not reflect in the UI and btrfs usage statistics while du would show much smaller usage. Select a time range no shorter than a week by specifying the start and end date. You need to create a storage pool consisting entirely of Synology SSDs and then create at least one Btrfs volume. compression -v zstd foo. A. 0 works, then the issue is some sort of change in btrfs-progs between v4. But. On a quarterly basis we rotate an. On one computer I have some archive Microsift Outlook pst files, which will even change on opening. Find it under Download Center > your model > Documents > Product Specifications . You have to mount the real root volume somewhere and use that path to reference the snapshot. If nothing changes , no new version is ever created. Snapshot Replication (available on Synology NAS models that support Btrfs) includes options to take snapshots on demand or configure schedules and retention policies. You can set it up with an intelligent retention policy, or just 2 weeks. HD-series. Your data in safe hands with Btrfs 1. Nice effort but too simple to be useful. A Replication is a mechanism used to sync snapshots of shared folders or LUNs between the sources and destinations. 204. Select Send the initial copy using the storage device and choose a storage device. If you control the filesystem layer (i. 51 dB(A); Temperature: 24. Select a time range no shorter than a week by specifying the start and end date. Simply select one and click Browse. For DSM 7. txt The "-f" option sends the subvolume to the destination as a stdout file, i. Just let it do its thing. On the destination server, go to Snapshot Replication > Replication > Shared. [ OK ] Started Synology Building Tasks Restore for Storage Manager. Select a shared folder and click Snapshot > Calculate Size. Maximum number of snapshots per shared folder: Memory exceeding or equivalent to 2 GB (factory-installed): 1,024. 49-17. All other blocks are shared between both snapshots. If you format it on another device it will work fine. The steps to "clone" /source to /target are: Get a list of subvolumes ordered by ogen: btrfs subvolume list -qu --sort ogen /source. Select a shared folder you wish to remove the snapshots of. Hi! Come and join us at Synology Community. Select a shared folder and click Snapshot > Calculate Size. Go to Snapshot Replication > Snapshots. Data integrity protection. Enable RAID. I believe ext4 is faster than btrfs generally speaking, but it of course matters what and how you will be using the file system whether than difference is significant. Check the following information to download the installer with the compatible file type from Download Center or Active Backup for Business > Physical Server > Linux > Add Device on your target device. DSM 7 Series. Which support snapshots, and copy on write technology. Unless you're in the directory where the snapshot resides, then you can just specify the snapshot name. S. Snapshot Replication (available on Synology NAS models that support Btrfs) includes options to take snapshots on demand or configure schedules and retention policies. Do the following according to your DSM version: Go to the Storage page. jessfraz added the area/storage/btrfs label. Snapshots are not backups, as snapshots are only on your local NAS and meant for restoring accidential edits/deleting. Synology Drive Server; Snapshot Replication 5; Notes: To change your existing RAID type to RAID 6, refer to the requirements in this article. Btrfs is the recommended file system to use in most scenarios. Btrfs is the recommended file system to use in most scenarios. If you plan to use all the capacity of the volume stick to ext4. 03. Synology 4-bay NAS DiskStation (DS918+) Summary: Four-bay RAID 5 class NAS powered by quad-core Intel Celeron CPU with upgradeable 4 GB RAM, dual gigabit Ethernet ports and two M. For the sake of comparison: Synology uses BTRFS, with snapshots, but it does this by avoiding BTRFS' dodgy RAID5/6 implementation and uses its own. Synology DiskStation Manager (DSM), the operating system that powers the DS223, leverages the efficient Btrfs file system to protect your data against data corruption and roll back any accidental or malicious changes thanks to the snapshot technology. Then view and remember the port for remote access open EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard and click "Next". Ask a question or start a discussion now. What this boils down to is this: btrfs is not an ideal FS for. Visit Stack ExchangeHowever, btrfs subvolume snapshot does exclude subvolumes which are contained in the target subvolume (it creates empty directories in the snapshot), so. n neneonline @neneonline* Aug 29, 2017 Hi. Again, you still don't need another machine. A BTRFS subvolume is a part of filesystem with its own independent file/directory hierarchy and inode number namespace. Figure 3: Define the number of hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly snapshot to keep in the system Synology Snapshot Replication will retain as many as the configured maximum number of snapshots for each time range. Cannot remove /var/lib/docker (Read-only file system) #7773. It will likely go down to 0. Take the steps below for NAS data recovery from QNAP, Synology, Lacie, Iodata, Buffalo, DLink, Seagate, Western Digital, and more. Launch Storage Manager. Then in "/mnt" you should see your "@" and "@home. Follow the steps in 1 to 4 of Replicate snapshot to a remote Synology NAS over the network. Systém DSM 7. 1 to DSM 7. You may replace the directories that you want to exclude with subvolumes. )Select a shared folder you wish to remove the snapshots of. where SNAPSHOT_ID is the ID of the snapshot to restore from (and . Looks pretty definitive to me. ledufakademy wrote::twisted: hello, i'm testing BTRFS wirh DSM 6. Here you enter the ip to the nas itself or 127. If data are already corrupted, you might not be able to restore the data via an onsite backup solution (e. You can browse and restore snapshots using Snapshot Replication, File Station, Windows File Explorer, or other file protocols. A place to answer all your Synology questions. EXT4 is the way to go. On Synology its per share folder so not sure if that is any different (Synology has a 256 snapshot limit per share folder). FS-series. Select a shared folder you wish to remove the snapshots of. I'm trying to build my own little backup script, I want to use BTRFS snapshots and keep them for a while. As far as i know with EXT4 you can't backup PC (I never tried with a physical server). Enter the password of your DSM account and click Submit to confirm the removal of the volume. Synology Knowledge Center offers comprehensive support, providing answers to frequently asked questions, troubleshooting steps,. You will run into no space left on device errors while writing a lot of data sooner or later. Everything works right up to one thing, LUN increases the size above the set value. Maybe that’s why Synology is currently reluctant to upgrade the Docker. The shared folder must be located on a Btrfs volume. While ensuring high-level data integrity, it also offers flexible, efficient data protection and recovery tools. Go to Snapshot Replication > Snapshots. Without earlier snapshots, blocks might only be deleted after compression, but if snapshots hold blocks they will be preserved and their compressed data will be stored ADDITIONALLY. AdamV158. A place to answer all your Synology questions. However I see two things (a big one and a small one) in this video that could throw new users off the track: The big one: BTRFS doesn't have checksums, it has the option to have checksums, at least in the Synology integration. Btrfs is the recommended file system to use in most scenarios. Go to Snapshot Replication > Snapshots. Main features: Data protection features, including snapshot, replication, and point-in-time recovery. There’s a setting somewhere that can limit the times. Go to Snapshot Replication > Replication > Shared Folder or LUN. 8TB" and it's growing. I needed to delete @sharesnap/ and @img_bkp_cache. , ASCII. Both Synology and QNAP give users the option of using Ext4. Click Remove. The table below shows the Synology NAS models supporting the Btrfs file system: Series. Btrfs: advanced file system for data protection. $ btrfs filesystem du -s /volume1/@download Total Exclusive Set shared Filename 1. Use Btrfs subvolumes with systemd-nspawn. 264 4K video streaming2 Compact yet Powerful Storage Solution Synology DiskStation DS218+ is designed for home users or small businesses pursuing aIt uses modern btrfs file system to create copies of shared folders and LUNs, then replicates these to other Synology NAS. Find it under Download Center > your model > Documents > Product Specifications . I recommend the new format for the snapshots alone (great against ransomware) and bit. To use snapshots on your Synology, you must have a copy that supports the BTRFS file system. 2. Trong bài viết này, chúng tôi xin giới thiệu về một dạng file system mới và có nhiều điểm nổi trội trên NAS Synology – Btrfs file system. You can see the number of snapshots taken within the selected time frame. You will see a confirmation message. Btrfs file system and non-encrypted shared folders were used during the aforementioned testing. If you create a shared folder on a Btrfs volume, you can limit how much storage space it can use. A Replication is a mechanism used to sync snapshots of shared folders or LUNs between the sources and destinations. I'm sure the Synology DSM OS does something in the background but I. ; Click Create and launch the Create Replication Task wizard. Click Calculate Now to start calculating. b. However, each shared. RAID scrubbing: This function can repair any detected data inconsistencies on storage pools that. pnutjam • 9 mo. [ OK ] Started SNMP Daemon. Establish a Strong Storage Foundation with Btrfs DS420+ features a Btrfs file system optimized by Synology to offer youRecommended for general use. You must confirm that. Synology Backup SuiteHardware-Assisted Data Transfer: Data transferring can be done quickly on your Synology NAS without taking up the resource of the hosts when copying data on VMware ESXi and Microsoft Hyper-V hosts. DSM does not support snapshot backup; this means that you cannot back up snapshots to devices other than Synology NAS (e. Your data in safe hands with Btrfs 1. Since snapshots are a standard btrfs feature, you don't need to use the GUI's facilities (though they do work rather nicely). User quotas for each shared folder. Docker's btrfs storage driver stores every image layer and container in its own Btrfs subvolume or snapshot. Btrfs is a copy-on-write (CoW) filesystem for Linux aimed at implementing advanced features while focusing on fault tolerance, self-healing properties, and easy administration. g. Learn more. Hi, You need to delete that data/folder from all the snapshots. Thinking that we can purchase an RS815 and replicate the backups to that. With the introduction of btrfs years back, Synology DSM opened up the ability to take snapshots. You can browse and restore snapshots using Snapshot Replication, File Station, Windows File Explorer, or other file protocols. Select one or more snapshots you wish to remove, and click Remove. FreeNAS Mini, and Synology for a few months and the snapshot feature is very important at my workplace and I'd really like to know whether it's not just half-baked in DSM 6. Go to the Volume page. you don’t need to be filesystem-agnostic), would Btrfs snapshots be better for this same use-case? chousuke. It guarantees consistency of the whole tree at the time the snapshot was taken, which is great for point-in-time restores of a whole folder. Another key difference is that Synology offers users the ability to use Ext4 or Btrfs, while QNAP is limited to Ext4 at this point. (I did not down vote your comment about snapshots or encryption even thought Synology does let you use snapshots with encryption) No if your thinking of restoring individual files from the encrypted file (can't work because the encrypted files are on top of btrfs as like another filesystem due to the way Synology implemented it)Btrfs: We recommend selecting this file system because it supports advanced features, including shared folder snapshots and replication, shared folder quota, and advanced data integrity protection. From what I can see - the DSM system doesn't use BTRFS based snapshots and replication - it still uses the older way on the ext4 system. How shared folders snapshot works. If the replication source fails, shared folders or LUNs on the replication destination can be read and written to continue to. Environment. A minimum of 4 drives is required. In theory, files can be restored with: snapper -c config-name -v undochange SNAPSHOT_ID. Btrfs supports advanced storage technologies that meet the needs of modern business: • Advanced snapshot technology provides schedulable and near-instantaneous data protection of shared. Keep your data on-site. Supports snapshot features for shared folders in Btrfs volume and LUNs, including schedule, management, browse. Synology actually makes this part fairly easy. People bash btrfs, but Synology has been using it as their main filesystem in their low. But why then claim support of btrfs? Snapshots, and send/receive are part of btrfs. Step 1. Ext4 for Synology NAS devices, most users should pick Btrfs for the data integrity benefits that it provides. However, each shared folder. You will see a confirmation message. Choose "NAS Recovery" from the software's menu when it opens. 2. compression -v zstd foo. To take a LUN snapshot: A snapshot of a LUN is a point-in-time, read-only copy of LUN. We set the shared folder so there's a snapshot taken once every day using the new capabilities of Btrfs. tmp; setfattr -n btrfs. HD-series. In the same testing environment, file transfer via Samba with the ext4-using QNAP NAS is 61. First there is the local snapshot replication, but if it is critical data, you might want to do two things: Snapshot Remote Replication. Here are two useful commands for you to contemplate: sudo btrfs qgroup show /volume1 sudo btrfs subvolume list /volume1. It is quite easy to make a snapshot in btrfs. jessfraz /project/helpwanted label on Jan 14, 2015. Chcete-li využívat další funkce, doporučujeme aktualizovat systém na verzi DSM 7. 2; Follow the wizard to finish. That are many copies of the past years (even an ‘antique’ DS412. R. Sign in to the source and destination servers with an administrator account. 1, enter smb credentials and then select your Shared folder. [ 19. So only changed blocks from snapshot to snapshot will require additional storage. A Replication is a mechanism used to sync snapshots of shared folders or LUNs between the sources and destinations. Snapshot Replication (available on Synology NAS models that support Btrfs) includes options to take snapshots on demand or configure schedules and retention policies. btrfs subv delete <path and snapshot name>. QNAP uses ext4 and OverlayFS technology, providing high-efficiency volume and block-based iSCSI LUN snapshots to well protect important data. There are options for adjusting thresholds, but I just went with the default command. Maximum number of snapshots per system: Memory exceeding or equivalent to 2 GB (factory-installed): 65,536. Hyper BackupSynology Knowledge Center offers comprehensive support, providing answers to frequently asked questions, troubleshooting steps, software tutorials, and all the technical documentation you may need. The defrag option in the GUI made me lose 10TB free space. Btrfs is a copy-on-write filesystem, so creating a clone is instantaneous. Bitrot protection is somewhat mitigated by btrfs, not the raid config. Snapshot Replication (tilgængelig på Synology NAS modeller der understøtter Btrfs) omfatter mulighed for at tage snapshots on demand, eller konfigurere tidsplaner og tilbageholdelsespolitikker. File system scrubbing: This function checks the volumes in the Btrfs file system. , and Docker has been running for a while so I checked the status of the BTRFS volume. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Ext4 is fast and rock solid, and easily recovered on a desktop machine if things go really bad. A place to answer all your Synology questions. To check the space consumption of snapshots: 1. Data integrity protection.